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Ebook About Philosopher Peter Godfrey-Smith dons a wet suit and journeys into the depths of consciousness in Other MindsAlthough mammals and birds are widely regarded as the smartest creatures on earth, it has lately become clear that a very distant branch of the tree of life has also sprouted higher intelligence: the cephalopods, consisting of the squid, the cuttlefish, and above all the octopus. In captivity, octopuses have been known to identify individual human keepers, raid neighboring tanks for food, turn off lightbulbs by spouting jets of water, plug drains, and make daring escapes. How is it that a creature with such gifts evolved through an evolutionary lineage so radically distant from our own? What does it mean that evolution built minds not once but at least twice? The octopus is the closest we will come to meeting an intelligent alien. What can we learn from the encounter? In Other Minds, Peter Godfrey-Smith, a distinguished philosopher of science and a skilled scuba diver, tells a bold new story of how subjective experience crept into being—how nature became aware of itself. As Godfrey-Smith stresses, it is a story that largely occurs in the ocean, where animals first appeared. Tracking the mind’s fitful development, Godfrey-Smith shows how unruly clumps of seaborne cells began living together and became capable of sensing, acting, and signaling. As these primitive organisms became more entangled with others, they grew more complicated. The first nervous systems evolved, probably in ancient relatives of jellyfish; later on, the cephalopods, which began as inconspicuous mollusks, abandoned their shells and rose above the ocean floor, searching for prey and acquiring the greater intelligence needed to do so. Taking an independent route, mammals and birds later began their own evolutionary journeys. But what kind of intelligence do cephalopods possess? Drawing on the latest scientific research and his own scuba-diving adventures, Godfrey-Smith probes the many mysteries that surround the lineage. How did the octopus, a solitary creature with little social life, become so smart? What is it like to have eight tentacles that are so packed with neurons that they virtually “think for themselves”? What happens when some octopuses abandon their hermit-like ways and congregate, as they do in a unique location off the coast of Australia?By tracing the question of inner life back to its roots and comparing human beings with our most remarkable animal relatives, Godfrey-Smith casts crucial new light on the octopus mind—and on our own.Book Other Minds: The Octopus, the Sea, and the Deep Origins of Consciousness Review :
I realize I'm in a tiny minority, but I found this book a near complete waste of time (and yes, I did finish it.)Most frustratingly, it is a bait-and-switch: The description (on the book cover and on Amazon) states that the author "tells a bold new story of how subjective experience crept into being―how nature became aware of itself." Nonsense. It says almost nothing about subjective experience or consciousness (which are, I believe, the same thing), and certainly gives no new insights, discussing instead the evolution of the nervous system in various parts of the animal kingdom, along with a variety of unsupported guesses about how the mind works. (The word "perhaps" is used remarkably often.) Since gaining insight into subjective experience and consciousness was the primary reason that I bought the book, I was disappointed to say the least.It does provide interesting descriptions of the lives of octopuses and cuttlefish, and of the author's scuba-diving experiences. But the science discussed - neural development and evolution primarily, along with some of what is known about memory - was at an extremely superficial level. (I'm a physician with a science background.) If you know nothing about these areas you may find their treatment worthwhile; I did not.Yes, I know the author is a philosopher and not a scientist. But the little philosophy of mind offered in place of the promised analysis of subjective experience was also superficial, at the level of a dinner conversation. There was little that could not be intuited by anyone who thought about these puzzles for a while.So, as I'm apparently in the less-than-one-percent who didn't love this book, please ignore me! And if you read it, please offer your review! Cheers. I'm writing this review specifically for those who are drawn by this book's subtitle, and by the claims that it will shed light on the arising of consciousness. If you buy this book for these reasons please know that this book will probably not satisfy you. The author boldly states that he intends to "make progress" on understanding how consciousness arose "independently" in a very different evolutionary lineage than our own. But after describing some interesting facets of cephalopod abilities and behaviors and offering several scientific studies based on evolutionary theory, he basically ignores the whole question of consciousness and subjectivity.There's a reason that both modern philosophy and science in general has studiously avoided the whole question of consciousness. Science and modern western philosophy can only deal with what can be observed, that is, in the world of “things,” matter. The author of this book, Godfrey-Smth, follows in this well worn groove and very soon comes to the inevitable dead end. Because he does not seem to realize that he has come to a dead end, the book meanders through various irrelevant philosophical speculations regarding supposed but unsubstantiated prerequisites for "consciousness": the need for language and a sense of self and time, or a requirement for social interactions, etc. He adds some scientific studies drawing from varied disciplines such as neurology, Darwinian evolution theory, paleontology. But he never comes close to looking at consciousness itself. He never even settles on a consistent use of the word “consciousness." Instead, by the end of the book he has so completely abandoned all pretense of delving into the question of consciousness that he makes no mention of his original intention. The book ends lamely by making a valiant plea for protecting our precious oceans. Nothing wrong with that—all our wild and natural places undoubtedly need protection—but he has craftily bypassed his stated mission.Here's the thing: one cannot presume to discover the "origins” or anything else about Consciousness through conceptual thought. After Descartes' famous dictum "I think, therefore I am" has led succeeding generations of humans to identify their whole raison d’etre with their thinking capacity, science believes thinking to be the preeminent mode of grasping the profound nature of reality. Human thinking has elevated its own thinking process to such a degree that we have equated thinking with our most essential being, as in Descartes’ own misguided thought quoted above. Using conceptual thought to even get a glimmer of consciousness would be kind of like asking a fish "what is water?" "Huh?," it says. "Water? Never heard of it." Consciousness cannot be an object for thought because it is the means and essence behind thought. Like the fish, we can't conceive of some essence in which we are embedded and of which we are comprised. There is no "other" that can look at it, since it is what looks; it can only look at itself non-dualistically. Thought inherently presumes a subject/object dichotomy which is how the material world, the world of form, presents itself. The vastly larger more all-encompassing dimension of Consciousness does not abide by the thought-constructed rules of logic, order, appearance or values of human thought.This is the conundrum of our highly venerated (shall I say, over-rated?) scientific method: it bases all its understanding in matter. Anything outside of matter, most of all Consciousness, is utterly outside its reach. Godfrey-Smith is caught in this conundrum from the beginning. Even framing his search for the "origin" of Consciousness within an evolutionary model presupposes that Consciousness arose as life developed through all its various forms. This is somewhat analogous to saying that radio waves came into existence as the radio developed. One idea that briefly flitted through the array of philosophical positions that Godfrey-Smith mentioned regarding consciousness—and which he summarily dismissed—was that Consciousness is the timeless essence of all being and permeates all of life. In contrast, Godfrey-Smith's two fundamental assumptions about Consciousness that underlie his whole line of inquiry—that Consciousness is a product of material evolution and that Consciousness is something other than the essence of being that permeates all of life—are the downfall of his inquiry. He simply cannot go any further using the completely inadequate vehicle of science and modern western philosophy.For the readers who wish to gain some understanding of Consciousness, perhaps you may wish to start with the premise that Consciousness is fundamental; it is always present; it is the underlying essence of all that is; all form has arisen out of Consciousness itself (not the other way around); and our own essential being is Consciousness itself. When thought quiets down, what is left is simply Awareness=Consciousness. It becomes clear that Consciousness itself is perceiving through all of life, one Being perceiving through all the myriad forms. From this perspective, it is not surprising nor amazing that we find so many animals, including birds, primates, cephalopods and many others, who are not only highly intelligent but show distinct signs of attributes we ordinarily associate with humans: compassion, empathy, mourning and yes, awareness. In fact, Life in all its forms is an expression of intelligence, with each life form expressing and carrying out its own unique mode of intelligence. From this perspective, we can see so clearly how all of life operates as a whole as one elegant, living system imbued with intelligence and consciousness.The Tibetan Buddhist tradition, especially in particular the dzogchen tradition, has built a whole “science” around a way of knowing that transcends conceptual thought. Eckhart Tolle is a contemporary spiritual teacher who presents the same knowing in an extremely clear, uncomplicated manner. This understanding of Consciousness has been pointed out in all spiritual traditions, sometimes directly but often obliquely. However you pursue your interest, congratulations for embarking on the path of awakening out of the relatively immature compulsive thought-possessed stage of development, into next stage of human development: the realization of Conscious Awareness as the essence, source and Being of all. This awakening of Consciousness through the material world into its awareness of itself is the evolutionary direction the universe is moving toward. It is a shift from the thought-based perception of life as a conglomeration of “things” to the thought-free perception of life as “Being.” You can experience for yourself how this changes everything. 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